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<meta name="description" content="蛋白质是组成人体一切细胞、组织的重要成分。机体所有重要的组成部分都需要有蛋白质的参与。一般说，蛋白质约占人体全部质量的18%，最重要的还是其与生命现象有关。蛋白质（protein）是生命的物质基础，是有机大分子，是构成细胞的基本有机物，是生命活动的主要承担者。没有蛋白质就没有生命。氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成单位。它是与生命及与各种形式的生命活动紧密联系在一起的物质。机体中的每一个细胞和所有重要组成部分都有蛋白质参与。蛋白质占人体重量的16%~20%，即一个60kg重的成年人其体内约有蛋白质9.6~12kg。人体内蛋白质的种类很多，性质、功能各异，但都是由20多种氨基酸（Amino acid）按不同比例组合而成的，并在体内不断进行代谢与更新。...">
<title>蛋白质（生命的物质基础）_百度百科</title>
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<b>蛋白质</b>是一个<a href="/item/%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" target="_blank">多义词</a>，请在下列<a href="/item/%E4%B9%89%E9%A1%B9" target="_blank">义项</a>上选择浏览（<a href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8?force=1" target="_blank">共2个义项</a>）</div>
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<li class="item">▪<span class="selected">生命的物质基础</span></li>
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<h1 >蛋白质</h1>
<h2>（生命的物质基础）</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是组成人体一切细胞、组织的重要成分。机体所有重要的组成部分都需要有蛋白质的参与。一般说，蛋白质约占人体全部质量的18%，最重要的还是其与生命现象有关。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质（protein）是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD/1417" data-lemmaid="1417">生命</a>的物质基础，是有机大分子，是构成细胞的基本有机物，是生命活动的主要承担者。没有蛋白质就没有生命。氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成单位。它是与生命及与各种形式的生命活动紧密联系在一起的物质。机体中的每一个细胞和所有重要组成部分都有蛋白质参与。蛋白质占人体重量的16%~20%，即一个60kg重的成年人其体内约有蛋白质9.6~12kg。人体内蛋白质的种类很多，性质、功能各异，但都是由20多种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8/303574" data-lemmaid="303574">氨基酸</a>（Amino acid）按不同比例组合而成的，并在体内不断进行代谢与更新。</div>
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</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
蛋白质
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">英文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
protein
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">别&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;称</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
朊
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">分子量</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
20种氨基酸平均分子量为128
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">组&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;成</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
20多种氨基酸
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">旧&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;称</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
“朊（ruǎn)”
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">结&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;构</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
一级-四级
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">形成方式</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
脱水缩合
</dd>
</dl></div>
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<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
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<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">基本含义</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">相关计算</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_1">原子数</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_2">分子质量</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2_3">基因控制</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">组成及特点</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_1">整体结构</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3_2">检测方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">生理需要</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">代谢吸收</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">病症</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_1">过量</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_2">缺乏症</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">用处</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">性质</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_1">两性</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_2">水解反应</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_3">胶体性质</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_4">沉淀</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_5">变性</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_6">颜色反应</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_7">气味反应</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8_8">折叠</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">9</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9">生理功能</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_1">构造人的身体</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_2">结构物质</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_3">载体的运输</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_4">抗体的免疫</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_5">酶的催化</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_6">激素的调节</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_7">胶原蛋白</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_8">能源物质</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">10</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#10">发展历程</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">11</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11">分类信息</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11_1">需求情况分类</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11_2">外形分类</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11_3">结构种类</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#11_4">来源</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">12</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#12">食用量</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">13</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#13">相关研究</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">14</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#14">相关学科</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">15</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#15">食物含量</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#15_1">活性</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#15_2">功能</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">16</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16">主要研究</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16_1">历史</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16_2">研究方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16_3">抗癌作用</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16_4">组学</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#16_5">与身高的关系</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">17</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#17">补充须知</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#17_1">计算需要量</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#17_2">分娩后补充</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#17_3">健身人群补充</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">18</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#18">网络语言应用</a></span>
</li>
</ol>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="基本含义" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>基本含义</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; margin: 0px auto; display: block; clear: both; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120/0/c87c6ecf1d4d1a24f8dc6180?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="蛋白质四聚体(四级结构)" style="width:220px;height:204px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=5a53080901e9390152028a3c4bed54f9/d058ccbf6c81800a3f523927b13533fa828b4767.jpg"  alt="蛋白质四聚体(四级结构)" style="width:220px;height:204px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
蛋白质四聚体(四级结构)
</span>
</div>蛋白质是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>以“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%B4%E7%BC%A9%E5%90%88">脱水缩合</a>”的方式组成的多<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE">肽链</a>经过盘曲折叠形成的具有一定空间结构的物质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质中一定含有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B3">碳</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A2">氢</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A7/83765" data-lemmaid="83765">氧</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%AE">氮</a>元素。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是由α—氨基酸按一定顺序结合形成一条<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE">多肽链</a>，再由一条或一条以上的多肽链按照其特定方式结合而成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9">高分子化合物</a>。蛋白质就是构成人体组织<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98">器官</a>的支架和主要物质，在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93">人体</a>生命活动中，起着重要作用，可以说没有蛋白质就没有生命活动的存在。每天的饮食中蛋白质主要存在于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%98%A6%E8%82%89">瘦肉</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%B1%BB">蛋类</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB">豆类</a>及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB">鱼类</a>中。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">男性缺失蛋白质比<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7">女性</a>缺失蛋白质更需要重视，男士一旦缺失蛋白质，会导致男性<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90/18377" data-lemmaid="18377">精子</a>质量下降，精子活力降低以及精子不液化造成男性不育。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>蛋白质</b>是一种复杂的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9">有机化合物</a>，���称“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%8A"><b>朊</b></a><b>（ruǎn)</b>”。<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:168px; display: inline; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120/0/d788d43f8794a4c2bca8dcef0cf41bd5ac6e396e?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="氨基酸结构通式" style="width:168px;height:126px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=0aa547a00b23dd542573a06ae10bb3df/d788d43f8794a4c2bca8dcef0cf41bd5ac6e396e.jpg"  alt="氨基酸结构通式" style="width:168px;height:126px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
氨基酸结构通式
</span>
</div>氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%B4">脱水</a>缩合连成肽链。蛋白质是由一条或多条多肽链组成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">生物大分子</a>，每一条多肽链有二十至数百个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E6%AE%8B%E5%9F%BA">氨基酸残基</a>（-R）不等；各种氨基酸残基按一定的顺序排列。蛋白质的氨基酸序列是由对应<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0">基因</a>所编码。除了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81">遗传密码</a>所编码的20种基本氨基酸，在蛋白质中，某些<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>残基还可以被<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0">翻译后修饰</a>而发生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">化学结构</a>的变化，从而对蛋白质进行激活或调控。多个蛋白质可以一起，往往是通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88">结合</a>在一起形成稳定的蛋白质复合物，折叠或螺旋构成一定的空间结构，从而发挥某一特定功能。合成多肽的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8">细胞器</a>是细胞质中糙<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%A2%E5%9E%8B">面型</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8">内质</a>网上的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93">核糖体</a>。蛋白质的不同在于其氨基酸的种类、数目、排列顺序和肽链空间结构的不同。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">食入的蛋白质在体内经过消化被<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3">水解</a>成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>被吸收后，合成人体所需蛋白质，同时新的蛋白质又在不断代谢与分解，时刻处于动态平衡中。因此，食物蛋白质的质和量、各种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>的比例，关系到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93">人体</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90">蛋白质合成</a>的量，尤其是青少年的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2">生长发育</a>、孕产妇的优生优育、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA">老年人</a>的健康长寿，都与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F">膳食</a>中蛋白质的量有着密切的关系。蛋白质又分为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">完全蛋白质</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">不完全蛋白质</a>。富含<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">必需氨基酸</a>，品质优良的蛋白质统称完全蛋白质，如奶、蛋、鱼、肉类等属于完全蛋白质，植物中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86">大豆</a>亦含有完全蛋白质。缺乏必需氨基酸或者含量很少的蛋白质称不完全蛋白质，如谷、麦类、玉米所含的蛋白质和动物皮骨中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%98%8E%E8%83%B6">明胶</a>等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关计算" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>相关计算</h2>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_2_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="原子数" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="2-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>原子数</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">由m个氨基酸，n条<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE">肽链</a>组成的蛋白质分子，至少含有n个—COOH，至少含有n个—NH2，肽键m-n个，O原子m+n个。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_2_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="分子质量" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="2-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>分子质量</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">设氨基酸的平均相对分子<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F">质量</a>为a，蛋白质的相对分子<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F">质量</a>=ma-18（m-n）</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_2_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="基因控制" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="2-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>基因控制</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">基因中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8">核苷酸</a> 6</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">信使RNA中的核苷酸 3</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质中氨基酸 1</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="组成及特点" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>组成及特点</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是由C（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B3">碳</a>）、H（氢）、O（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A7">氧</a>）、N（氮）组成，一般蛋白质可能还会含有P（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%B7">磷</a>）、S（硫）、Fe（铁）、Zn（锌）、Cu（铜）、B（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A1%BC">硼</a>）、Mn(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%94%B0">锰</a>)、I（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%98">碘</a>）、Mo（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%92%BC">钼</a>）等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">这些元素在蛋白质中的组成百分比约为：碳50% 氢7% 氧23% 氮16% 硫0~3% 其他微量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）一切蛋白质都含N元素，且各种蛋白质的含氮量很接近，<b>平均为16%</b>；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0">蛋白质系数</a>：任何生物样品中每1g元N的存在，就表示大约有100/16=6.25g蛋白质的存在��� 6.25常称为蛋白质<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0">常数</a></div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_3_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="整体结构" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="3-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>整体结构</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>为基本单位构成的生物高<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">分子</a>。蛋白质分子上氨基酸的序列和由此形成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">立体结构</a>构成了蛋白质结构的多样性。蛋白质具有一级、二级、三级、四级结构，蛋白质分子的���构决定了它的功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">一级结构</a>（primary structure)：氨基酸残基在蛋白质肽链中的排列顺序称为蛋白质的一级结构，每种蛋白质都有唯一而确切的氨基酸序列。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">二级结构</a>（secondary structure）：蛋白质分子中<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE">肽链</a>并非直链状，而是按一定的规律卷曲（如<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B1-%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B">α-螺旋</a>结构）或折叠（如<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B2-%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0">β-折叠</a>结构）形成特定的空间结构，这是蛋白质的二级结构。蛋白质的二级结构主要依靠肽链中氨基酸残基亚氨基（—NH—）上的氢原子和羰基上的氧原子之间形成的氢键而实现的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">三级结构（tertiary structure）：在二级结构的基础上，肽链还按照一定的空间结构进一步形成更复杂的三级结构。肌红蛋白，血红蛋白等正是通过这种结构使其表面的空穴恰好容纳一个血红素分子。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">四级结构（quaternary structure）：具有三级结构的多肽链按一定空间排列方式结合在一起形成的聚集体结构称为蛋白质的四级结构。如血红蛋白由4个具有三级结构的多肽链构成，其中两个是α-链，另两个是β-链，其四级结构近似椭球形状。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">连接方法</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">用约20种氨基酸作原料，在细胞质中的核糖体上，将氨基酸分子互相连接成肽链。一个氨基酸分子的氨基和另一个氨基酸分子的羧基，脱去一分子水而连接起来，这种结合方式叫做脱水缩合。通过缩合反应，在羧基和氨基之间形成的连接两个氨基酸分子的那个键叫做肽键。由肽键连接形成的化合物称为肽。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="3_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_3_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="检测方法" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="3-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>检测方法</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">分别向甲乙两支试管加入3毫升蛋清稀释液和清水，再依次向两支试管中加入双缩脲试剂A液和B液。观察甲乙两试管中溶液发生的颜色变化。上述的演示实验结果表明，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8C%E7%BC%A9%E8%84%B2%E8%AF%95%E5%89%82">双缩脲试剂</a>与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">蛋白质</a>呈现紫色反应。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="生理需要" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>生理需要</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2000年，中国营养学会重新修订了推荐的膳食<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%B4%A0">营养素</a>摄入量，新修订的蛋白质推荐摄入量如下：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>中国居民膳食蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%91%84%E5%85%A5%E9%87%8F">推荐摄入量</a></b></div>
<table log-set-param="table_view" width="658" class="table-view log-set-param"><tr><td width="134" height="0" align="left" valign="center" rowspan="2"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>年龄（岁）</b></div>
</td><td height="0" align="left" valign="center" colspan="2"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>蛋白质RNI/(g/d)</b></div>
</td><td width="81" height="0" align="left" valign="center" rowspan="2"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>年龄（岁）</b></div>
</td><td height="0" align="left" valign="center" colspan="2"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>蛋白质RNI/(g/d)</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>男</b></div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>女</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="134"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>男</b></div>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="158"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>女</b></div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">0~</div>
</td><td height="0" align="left" valign="center" colspan="2"><div class="para" label-module="para">1.5~3g/(kg·d)</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">14~</div>
</td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">65</div>
</td><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">60</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">0.5~</div>
</td><td height="0" align="left" valign="center" colspan="2"><div class="para" label-module="para">1.5~3g/(kg·d)</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">18~</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"></td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">1~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">35</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">35</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>体力活动</b></div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"></td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">2~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">40</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">40</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">轻</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">55</div>
</td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">45</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">3~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">45</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">45</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">中</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">60</div>
</td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">50</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">4~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">50</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">50</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">重</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">70</div>
</td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">60</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">5~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">55</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">55</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>孕妇</b></div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"></td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">6~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">55</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">55</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">早期</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">+8</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">7~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">60</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">60</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">中期</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">+18</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">8~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">65</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">65</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">晚期</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">+23</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">9~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">65</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">65</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">乳母</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"></td><td width="158" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">+23</div>
</td></tr><tr><td width="88" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">10~</div>
</td><td width="110" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">70</div>
</td><td width="134" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">65</div>
</td><td width="81" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">老年</div>
</td><td width="86" align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">75</div>
</td><td align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">69</div>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">11~</div>
</td><td align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">75</div>
</td><td align="left" valign="center"><div class="para" label-module="para">75</div>
</td><td height="0" align="left" valign="center" colspan="3"><div class="para" label-module="para">按15%蛋白质/总热量计</div>
</td></tr></table><div class="para" label-module="para"><b>● RNI（推荐摄入量）：</b>是指可以满足某一特定性别、年龄及生理状况群体中绝大多数个体（97%~98%）的需要量的摄入水平。长期摄入RNI水平，可以满足机体对该营养素的需要，维持组织中适当的营养素储备，保持<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7">健康</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="代谢吸收" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>代谢吸收</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质在胃液消化酶的作用下，初步水解，在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E8%82%A0">小肠</a>中完成整个消化吸收过程。氨基酸的吸收通过小肠黏膜细胞，是由主动运转系统进行，分别转运中性、酸性和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B1%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">碱性氨基酸</a>。在肠内被消化吸收的蛋白质，不仅来自于食物，也有肠黏膜细胞脱落和消化液的分泌等，每天有70g左右蛋白质进入消化系统，其中大部分被消化和重吸收。未被吸收的蛋白质由粪便排出体外。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="病症" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>病症</h2>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_6_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="过量" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>过量</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>表现</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质如果摄取过量的话也会在体内转化成脂肪，造成脂肪堆积。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肾脏要排泄进食的蛋白质，当分解蛋白质时会产生大量的氮素这样会增加肾脏的负担。蛋白质，尤其是动物性蛋白摄入过多，对人体同样有害。首先过多的动物蛋白质的摄入，就必然摄入较多的动物脂肪和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87">胆固醇</a>。其次蛋白质过多本身也会产生有害影响。正常情况下，所以必须将过多的蛋白质脱氨分解，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%AE">氮</a>则由尿排出体外，这加重了代谢负担，而且，这一过程需要大量水分，从而加重了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BE%E8%84%8F">肾脏</a>的负荷，若肾功能本来不好，则危害就更大。过多的动物蛋白摄入，也造成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%AB%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">含硫氨基酸</a>摄入过多，这样可加速<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC">骨骼</a>中钙质的丢失，易产生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E8%B4%A8%E7%96%8F%E6%9D%BE">骨质疏松</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>危害</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、蛋白质如果摄取过量的话也会在体内转化成脂肪，造成脂肪堆积。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2、一旦蛋白质在体内转化为脂肪，血液的酸性就会提高，这样就会消耗大量的钙质，结果储存在骨骼当中的钙质就被消耗了，使骨质变脆。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3、肾脏要排泄进食的蛋白质，当分解蛋白质时会产生大量的氮素这样会增加肾脏的负担。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_6_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="缺乏症" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>缺乏症</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质缺乏在成人和儿童中都有发生，但处于生长阶段的儿童更为敏感。蛋白质的缺乏常见症状是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%8E%87">代谢率</a>下降，对疾病抵抗力减退，易患病，远期效果是器官的损害，常见的是儿童的生长发育迟缓、营养不良、体质量下降、淡漠、易激怒、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80">贫血</a>以及干瘦病或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%82%BF">水肿</a>，并因为易感染而继发疾病。蛋白质的缺乏，往往又与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F">能量</a>的缺乏共同存在即蛋白质—<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD">热能</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF">营养不良</a>，分为两种，一种指热能摄入基本满足而蛋白质严重不足的营养性疾病，称加西卡病。另一种即为“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B6%88%E7%98%A6">消瘦</a>”，指蛋白质和热能摄入均严重不足的营养性疾病。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="用处" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>用处</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、蛋白质是建造和修复身体的重要原料，人体的发育以及受损细胞的修复和更新，都离不开蛋白质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2、蛋白质也能被分解为人体的生命活动提供能量。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="性质" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>性质</h2>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="两性" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>两性</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B1-%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">α-氨基酸</a>通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE">肽键</a>构成的高分子化合物，在蛋白质分子中存在着<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA">氨基</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA">羧基</a>，因此跟<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>相似，蛋白质也是两性物质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="水解反应" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>水解反应</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B8">酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A2%B1">碱</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6">酶</a>的作用下发生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">水解反应</a>，经过多<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD">肽</a>，最后得到多种<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B1-%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">α-氨基酸</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3">蛋白质水解</a>时，应找准结构中键的“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%AD%E8%A3%82%E7%82%B9">断裂点</a>”，水解时<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE">肽键</a>部分或全部断裂。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="胶体性质" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>胶体性质</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有些蛋白质能够溶解在水里（例如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B8%A1%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">鸡蛋白</a>能溶解在水里）形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2">溶液</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的分子直径达到了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B6%E4%BD%93">胶体</a>微粒的大小（10－9～10－7m）时，所以蛋白质具有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B6%E4%BD%93">胶体</a>的性质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="沉淀" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>沉淀</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原因：加入高浓度的中性盐、加入有机溶剂、加入重金属、加入生物碱或酸类、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7">热变性</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">少量的盐（如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%93%B5">硫酸铵</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0">硫酸钠</a>等）能促进蛋白质的溶解。如果向蛋白质水溶液中加入浓的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E7%9B%90">无机盐</a>溶液，可使蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%BA%A6">溶解度</a>降低，而从溶液中析出，这种作用叫做<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%90%E6%9E%90">盐析</a>．</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">这样<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%90%E6%9E%90">盐析</a>出的蛋白质仍旧可以溶解在水中，而不影响原来蛋白质的性质，因此盐析是个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B">可逆过程</a>．利用这个性质，采用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E7%9B%90%E6%9E%90">分段盐析</a>方法可以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%8F%90%E7%BA%AF">分离提纯</a>蛋白质．</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="变性" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>变性</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在热、酸、碱、重金属盐、紫外线等作作用下，蛋白质会发生性质上的改变而凝结起来．这种凝结是不可逆的，不能再使它们恢复成原来的蛋白质．蛋白质的这种变化叫做变性．蛋白质变性之后，紫外吸收，化学活性以及粘度都会上升，变得容易水解，但溶解度会下降。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质变性后，就失去了原有的可溶性，也就失去了它们<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86">生理</a>上的作用．因此蛋白质的变性凝固是个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B">不可逆过程</a>．</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>造成</b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7"><b>蛋白质变性</b></a><b>的原因</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">物理因素包括：加热、加压、搅拌、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8C%AF%E8%8D%A1">振荡</a>、紫外线照射、X射线、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B6%85%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2">超声波</a>等：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">化学因素包括：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%BA%E9%85%B8">强酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%BA%E7%A2%B1">强碱</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E7%9B%90">重金属盐</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8">三氯乙酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87">乙醇</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE">丙酮</a>等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="颜色反应" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>颜色反应</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质可以跟许多试剂发生颜色反应。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如在鸡蛋白溶液中滴入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%93%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8">浓硝酸</a>，则鸡蛋白溶液呈黄色．这是由于蛋白质（含苯环结构）与浓硝酸发生了颜色反应的缘故．还可以用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8C%E7%BC%A9%E8%84%B2%E8%AF%95%E5%89%82">双缩脲试剂</a>对其进行检验，该试剂遇蛋白质生成紫色<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%9C%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9">络合物</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="气味反应" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>气味反应</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质在灼烧分解时，可以产生一种烧焦羽毛的特殊气味。利用这一性质可以鉴别蛋白质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="8_8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_8_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="折叠" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="8-8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>折叠</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">对蛋白质折叠机理的研究，对保留蛋白质活性，维持蛋白质稳定性和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%85%E6%B6%B5%E4%BD%93">包涵体</a>蛋白质折叠<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%8D%E6%80%A7">复性</a>都具有重要的意义(21)。早在上世纪30年代，我国生化界先驱<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%B4%E5%AE%AA">吴宪</a>教授就对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">蛋白质的变性作用</a>进行了阐释（8），30年后，Anfinsen通过对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96">核糖</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8">核酸</a>酶A的经典研究表明去折叠的蛋白质在体外可以自发的进行再折叠，仅仅是序列本身已经包括了蛋白质正确折叠的所有信息（9,10），并提出蛋白质折叠的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6">热力学</a>假说，为此Anfinsen获得1972年<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96">诺贝尔化学奖</a>。这一理论有两个关键点：1蛋白质的状态处于去折叠和天然<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9E%84%E8%B1%A1">构象</a>的平衡中；2 天然构象的蛋白质处于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6">热力学</a>最低的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F">能量</a>状态。尽管蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>序列在蛋白质的正确折叠中起着核心的作用，各种各样的因素，包括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97">信号序列</a>，辅助因子，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%B4%E4%BE%A3">分子伴侣</a>，环境条件，均会影响蛋白质的折叠，新生蛋白质折叠并组装成有功能的蛋白质，并非都是自发的，在多数情况下是需要其它蛋白质的帮助，已经鉴定了许多参与蛋白质折叠的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0%E9%85%B6">折叠酶</a>和分子伴侣（3,16,86），蛋白质“自发折叠”的经典概念发生了转变和更新，但这并不与折叠的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6">热力学</a>假说相矛盾，而是在动力学上完善了热力学观点。在蛋白质的折叠过程中，有许多作用力参与，包括一些构象的空间阻碍，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8A%9B">范德华力</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE">氢键</a>的相互作用，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94">疏水效应</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90">离子</a>相互作用，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD">多肽</a>和周围<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82">溶剂</a>相互作用产生的熵驱动的折叠（12,52），但对于蛋白质获得天然结构这一复杂过程的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%82%E6%80%A7">特异性</a>，我们还知之甚少，许多<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C">实验</a>和理论的工作都在加深我们对折叠的认识，但是问题仍然没有解决。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在折叠的机制研究上早期的理论认为，折叠是从变性状态通过中间状态到天然状态的一个逐步的过程，并对折叠<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%93">中间体</a>进行了深入研究，认为折叠是在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6">热力学</a>驱动下按单一的途径进行的。后来的研究表明折叠过程存在实验可测的多种中间体，折叠通过有限的路径进行。新的理论强调在折叠的初始阶段存在多样性，蛋白质通过许多的途径进入折叠漏斗（folding funnel），从而折叠在整体上被描述成一个漏斗样的图像，折叠的动力学过程被认为是部分折叠的蛋白质整体上的进行性装配，并且伴随有自由能和熵的变化，蛋白质最终寻找到自己的正确的折叠结构，这一理论称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F">能量</a>图景（energy landscape），如图3所示，漏斗下方的凹凸反映蛋白质构象瞬间进入局部自由能最小区域(13,14)。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">图3：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F">能量</a>图景（The energy landscape）的示意图，高度代表能量尺度，宽度代表构象尺度，在漏斗（funnel）的下方存在别的低能量状态，共存的不同能量状态的蛋白质种类也降到最小(14)。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">这一理论认为结构同源的蛋白质可以通过不同的折叠途径形成相似的天然<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9E%84%E8%B1%A1">构象</a>，人酸性成纤维<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90">生长因子</a>（hFGF-1）和蝾螈酸性成纤维生长因子（nFGF-1）氨基酸序列具有约80%<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7">同源性</a>，并且具有结构同源性（12个<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B2%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0">β折叠</a>反向平行排列形成β折叠桶），在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8">盐酸</a>胍诱导去折叠的过程中，hFGF-1可以监测到具有熔球体样的折叠<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%93">中间体</a>，而nFGF-1经由两态（天然状态到变性状态）去折叠，没有检测到中间体的存在，折叠的动力学研究也表明两种蛋白采用不同的折叠机制（38）。对于同一蛋白质，采用的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B8%97%E9%80%8F%E5%8E%8B">渗透压</a>调节剂（osmolytes）不同，蛋白质折叠的途��也不相同，说明不同的渗透压调节剂对蛋白质的稳定效应不同（11）。这两个例子都说明折叠机制的复杂性，也与上面所介绍的理论相吻合。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="生理功能" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>生理功能</h2>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="构造人的身体" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>构造人的身体</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是一切生命的物质基础，是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93">机体</a>细胞的重要组成部分，是人体组织更新和修补的主要原料。人体的每个组织<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:140px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120/0/b3ba5d16f3a8ca5320a4e981?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="" style="width:140px;height:137px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=3a85cee2fbedab6470724ac2c737af81/1c950a7b02087bf4945be7c0f2d3572c11dfcf60.jpg"  alt="" style="width:140px;height:137px;"/>
</a>
</div>：毛发、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4">皮肤</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89">肌肉</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC">骨骼</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E8%84%8F">内脏</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91">大脑</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2">血液</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F/1040360" data-lemmaid="1040360">神经</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C">内分泌</a>等都是由蛋白质组成，所以说饮食造就人本身。蛋白质对人的生长发育非常重要。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">比如大脑发育的特点是一次性完成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96">细胞增殖</a>，人的大脑细胞的增长有二个高峰期。第一个是胎儿三个月的时候；第二个是出生后到一岁，特别是0---6个月的婴儿是大<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%91%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">脑细胞</a>猛烈增长的时期。到一岁大脑细胞增殖基本完成，其数量已达成人的9/10。所以0到1岁儿童对蛋白质的摄入要求很有特色，对儿童的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B">智力</a>发展尤关重要。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="结构物质" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>结构物质</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA">人</a>的身体由百兆亿个细胞组成，细胞可以说是生命的最小单位，它们处于永不停息的衰老、死亡、新生的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2">新陈代谢</a>过程中。例如年轻人的表皮28天更新一次，而<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E9%BB%8F%E8%86%9C">胃黏膜</a>两三天就要全部更新。所以一个人如果蛋白质的摄入、吸收、利用都很好，那么皮肤就是光泽而又有弹性的。反之，人则经常处于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81">亚健康状态</a>。组织受损后，包括外伤，不能得到及时和高质量的修补，便会加速肌体衰退。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="载体的运输" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>载体的运输</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维持肌体正常的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2">新陈代谢</a>和各类物质在体内的输送。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">载体蛋白</a>对维持人体的正常<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8">生命活动</a>是至关重要的。可以在体内运载各种物质。比如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">血红蛋白</a>—输送氧（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A2%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83">红血球</a>更新速率250万/秒）、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%82%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">脂蛋白</a>——输送脂肪、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C">细胞膜</a>上的受体还有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">转运蛋白</a>等。维持与构成</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">维持机体内的渗透压的平衡：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">白蛋白</a>。维持体液的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B8%E7%A2%B1%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1">酸碱平衡</a>。构成神经递质<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E8%83%86%E7%A2%B1">乙酰胆碱</a>、五羟色氨等。维持<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">神经系统</a>的正常功能：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%B3%E8%A7%89">味觉</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89">视觉</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86">记忆</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="抗体的免疫" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>抗体的免疫</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">白细胞</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">淋巴细胞</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A8%E5%99%AC%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">巨噬细胞</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">抗体</a>（免疫<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">球蛋白</a>）、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%A5%E4%BD%93">补体</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E7%B4%A0">干扰素</a>等。七天更新一次。当蛋白质充足时，这个部队就很强，在需要时，数小时内可以增加100倍。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="酶的催化" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>酶的催化</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">构成人体必需的催化和调节功能的各种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6">酶</a>。我们身体有数千种酶，每一种只能参与一种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">生化反应</a>。人体细胞里每分钟要进行一百多次生化反应。酶有促进食物的消化、吸收、利用的作用。相应的酶充足，反应就会顺利、快捷的进行，我们就会精力充沛，不易生病。否则，反应就变慢或者被阻断。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="激素的调节" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>激素的调节</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">具有调节体内各<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98">器官</a>的生理活性。胰岛素是由51个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>分子合成。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0">生长激素</a>是由191个氨基酸分子合成（与生长素无关）。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_7" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="胶原蛋白" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-7" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>胶原蛋白</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">占身体蛋白质的1/3，生成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E7%BC%94%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">结缔组织</a>，构成身体<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6">骨架</a>。如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC">骨骼</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1">血管</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9F%A7%E5%B8%A6">韧带</a>等，决定了皮肤的弹性，保护<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91">大脑</a>（在大脑脑细胞中，很大一部分是胶原细胞，并且形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E8%84%91%E5%B1%8F%E9%9A%9C">血脑屏障</a>保护大脑）</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="9_8" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_9_8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="能源物质" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="9-8" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>能源物质</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">提供生命活动的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F">能量</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="10" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_10" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="发展历程" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>发展历程</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120/0/90cebeec9e77d4242697918c?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="球状蛋白质(三级结构)" style="width:220px;height:192px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss2.bdstatic.com/-fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=4fbe4d8cd143ad4ba22e41c2b2035a89/060828381f30e9242e142c184c086e061d95f763.jpg"  alt="球状蛋白质(三级结构)" style="width:220px;height:192px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
球状蛋白质(三级结构)
</span>
</div><b>蛋白质是</b><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0"><b>荷兰</b></a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6"><b>科学家</b></a><b>格利特·马尔德在1838年发现的。</b>他观察到有生命的东西离开了蛋白质就不能生存。蛋白质是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">生物</a>体内一种极重要的高分子<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%89%A9">有机物</a>，占人体<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B2%E9%87%8D">干重</a>的54%。蛋白质主要由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>组成，因氨基酸的组合排列不同而组成各种类型的蛋白质。人体中估计有10万种以上的蛋白质。生命是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8">物质运动</a>的高级形式，这种运动方式是通过蛋白质来实现的，所以蛋白质有极其重要的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6">生物学</a>意义。人体的生长、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2">发育</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8">运动</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0">遗传</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96">繁殖</a>等一切生命活动都离不开蛋白质。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8">生命运动</a>需要蛋白质，也离不开蛋白质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人体内的一些生理活性物质如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BA">胺</a>类、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%92%E8%B4%A8">神经递质</a>、多肽类激素、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">抗体</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6">酶</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">核蛋白</a>以及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C">细胞膜</a>上、血液中起“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93">载体</a>”作用的蛋白都离不开蛋白质，它对<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:169px; float: right;">
<a class="image-link" nslog-type="9317" 
			href="/pic/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120/0/0865b518ee87863e34fa4142?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="蛋白质翻译后转运" style="width:169px;height:220px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss1.bdstatic.com/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=e089ee085c6034a82de2bf83fb1249d9/b812c8fcc3cec3fd85afc07cd688d43f87942721.jpg"  alt="蛋白质翻译后转运" style="width:169px;height:220px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
蛋白质翻译后转运
</span>
</div>调节生理功能，维持新陈代谢起着极其重要的作用。人体<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F">运动系统</a>中肌肉的成分以及肌肉在收缩、作功、完成动作过程中的代谢无不与蛋白质有关，离开了蛋白质，体育锻炼就无从谈起。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在生物学中，蛋白质被解释为是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>借肽键联接起来形成的多<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD">肽</a>，然后由多肽连接起来形成的物质。通俗易懂些说，它就是构成人体组织器官的支架和主要物质。蛋白质缺乏：成年人：肌肉消瘦、肌体<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%8A%9B">免疫力</a>下降、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80">贫血</a>，严重者将产生<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%82%BF">水肿</a>。未成年人：生长发育<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%9E">停滞</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80">贫血</a>、智力发育差，视觉差。蛋白质过量：蛋白质在体内不能贮存，多了肌体无法吸收，过量摄入蛋白质，将会因<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D">代谢障碍</a>产生蛋白质中毒甚至于死亡。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="11" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_11" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="分类信息" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>分类信息</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">食物蛋白质的营养价值取决于所含氨基酸的种类和数量，所以在营养上尚可根据食物蛋白质的氨基酸组成，分为完全蛋白质、半完全蛋白质和不完全蛋白质三类。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">完全蛋白所含必需氨基酸种类齐全、数量充足、比例适当，不但能维持成人的健康，并能促进儿童生长发育，如乳类中的酪蛋白、乳白蛋白，蛋类中的卵白蛋白、卵磷蛋白，肉类中的白蛋白、肌蛋白，大豆中的大豆蛋白，小麦中的麦谷蛋白，玉米中的谷蛋白等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">半完全蛋白所含必需氨基酸种类齐全，但有的氨基酸数量不足，比例不适当，可以维持生命，但不能促进生长发育，如小麦中的麦胶蛋白等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">不完全蛋白质所含必需氨基酸种类不全，既不能维持生命，也不能促进生长发育，如玉米中的玉米胶蛋白，动物结缔组织和肉皮中的胶质蛋白，豌豆中的豆球蛋白等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="11_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_11_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="需求情况分类" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="11-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>需求情况分类</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>必需氨基酸</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">食物中的蛋白质必须经过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%A0%E8%83%83">肠胃</a>道消化，分解成氨基酸才能被人体吸收利用，人体对蛋白质的需要实际就是对氨基酸的需要。吸收后的氨基酸只有在数量和种类上都能满足人体需要身体才能利用它们合成自身的蛋白质。营养学上将氨基酸分为必需氨基酸和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">非必需氨基酸</a>两类。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">必需氨基酸指的是人体自身不能合成或合成速度不能满足人体需要，必须从食物中摄取的氨基酸。对成人来说，这类氨基酸有8种，包括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B5%96%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">赖氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">蛋氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">亮氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%82%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">异亮氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%8F%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">苏氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BC%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">缬氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">色氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">苯丙氨酸</a>。对婴儿来说，有9种，多一种组氨酸。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>非必需氨基酸</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">非必需氨基酸并不是说人体不需要这些氨基酸，而是说人体可以自身合成或由其它氨基酸转化而得到，不一定非从食物直接摄取不可。这类氨基酸包括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%98%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">甘氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">丙氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%9D%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">丝氨酸</a>、天冬氨酸、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B0%B7%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">谷氨酸</a>（及其胺）、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%AF%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">脯氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">精氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">组氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">酪氨酸</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">胱氨酸</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有些非必需氨基酸如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">胱氨酸</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">酪氨酸</a>如果供给充裕还可以节省必需氨基酸中蛋氨酸和苯丙氨酸的需要量。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="11_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_11_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="外形分类" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="11-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>外形分类</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6">营养学</a>上根据食物蛋白质所含氨基酸的种类和数量将食物蛋白质分三类：1、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">完全蛋白质</a>这是一类<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%98%E8%B4%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">优质蛋白质</a>。它们所含的必需氨基酸种类齐全，数量充足，彼此比例适当。这一<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B1%BB%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">类蛋白</a>质不但可以维持人体健康，还可以促进生长发育。2、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">半完全蛋白质</a>这类蛋白质所含氨基酸虽然种类齐全，但其中某些氨基酸的数量不能满足人体的需要。它们可以维持生命，但不能促进生长发育。3、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">不完全蛋白质</a>这类蛋白质不能提供人体所需的全部必需氨基酸，单纯靠它们既不能促进生长发育，也不能维持生命。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">根据蛋白质分子的外形，可以将其分作3类</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%83%E7%8A%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">球状蛋白质</a>分子形状接近球形，水溶性较好，种类很多，可行使多种多样的生物学功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%8A%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">纤维状蛋白质</a>分子外形呈棒状或纤维状，大多数不溶于水，是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93">生物体</a>重要的结构成分，或对生物体起保护作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．膜蛋白质一般折叠成近球形，插入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%86%9C">生物膜</a>，也有一些通过非<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E9%94%AE">共价键</a>或共价键结合在生物膜的表面。生物膜的多数功能是通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">膜蛋白</a>实现的。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="11_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_11_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="结构种类" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="11-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>结构种类</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">纤维蛋白</a>（fibrous protein）：一类主要的不溶于水的蛋白质，通常都含有呈现相同二级结构的多肽链许多纤维<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88">蛋白结合</a>紧密，并为单个细胞或整个生物体提供机械强度，起着保护或结构上的作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">球蛋白</a>(globular protein):紧凑的，近似球形的，含有折叠紧密的多肽链的一类蛋白质，许多都溶于水。典形的球蛋白含有能特异的识别其它化合物的凹陷或裂隙部位。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">角蛋白</a>（keratin）：由处于<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B1-%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B">α-螺旋</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%CE%B2-%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0">β-折叠</a>构象的平行的多肽链组成不溶于水的起着保护或结构作用蛋白质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B6%E5%8E%9F">胶原</a>（蛋白）（collagen）：是动物结缔组织最丰富的一种蛋白质，它是由原胶原蛋白分子组成。原胶原蛋白是一种具有右手超<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">螺旋结构</a>的蛋白。每个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E8%83%B6%E5%8E%9F">原胶原</a>分子都是由3条特殊的左手螺旋（螺距0.95nm,每一圈含有3.3个残基）的多肽链右手旋转形成的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%B4%E5%A8%98%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">伴娘蛋白</a>（chaperone）：与一种新合成的多肽链形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88">复合</a>物并协助它正确折叠成具有生物功能构向的蛋白质。伴娘蛋白可以防止不正确折叠<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%93">中间体</a>的形成和没有组装的蛋白<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA">亚基</a>的不正确聚集，协助多肽链跨膜转运以及大的多亚基蛋白质的组装和解体。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">肌红蛋白</a>（myoglobin）:是由一条肽链和一个血红素<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BE%85%E5%9F%BA">辅基</a>组成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">结合蛋白</a>，是肌肉内储存氧的蛋白质，它的氧<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF">饱和曲线</a>为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8C%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF">双曲线</a>型。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">血红蛋白</a>（hemoglobin）：是由含有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0">血红素</a>辅基的4个亚基组成的结合蛋白。血红蛋白负责将氧由肺运输到外周组织，它的氧饱和曲线为S型。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7">蛋白质变性</a>（denaturation）：生物大分子的天然构象遭到破坏导致其<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7">生物活性</a>丧失的现象。蛋白质在受到光照，热，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82">有机溶剂</a>以及一些<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E5%89%82">变性剂</a>的作用时，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AC%A1%E7%BA%A7%E9%94%AE">次级键</a>受到破坏，导致天然构象的破坏，使蛋白质的生物活性丧失。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">复性（renaturation）：在一定的条件下，变性的生物大<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">分子</a>恢复成具有生物活性的天然构象的现象。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%AB%E6%9E%84%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94">别构效应</a>（allosteric effect）：又称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%98%E6%9E%84%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94">变构效应</a>，是寡聚蛋白与配基结合改变蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9E%84%E8%B1%A1">构象</a>，导致蛋白质生物活性改变的现象。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>帮助癌细胞的蛋白质的结构</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">当<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">癌细胞</a>快速增生时，它们好像需要一种名为survivin的蛋白质的帮助。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E4%B9%8B%E8%B0%9C">未解之谜</a>。据一些研究人员报道，survivin蛋白出人意料地以成双配对的形式结合在一起——这一发现很有可能为抗癌药物的设计提供了新的锲机。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">为了搞清survivin蛋白到底起什么作用，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD">美国</a>加利福尼亚州的结构生物学家Joseph Noel和同事们率先认真观察了它的三维结构。他们将X射线照射在该蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93">晶体</a>上，并测量了X射线的偏转角度，这可以让研究人员计算出蛋白质中每个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90">原子</a>所处的位置。他们得到的结果指出，survivin蛋白形成一种结和，这是其它凋亡抑制物不形成的。这几位研究人员在7月份出版的《自然结构生物学》杂志中报告，survivin分子的一部分出人意料地与另一个survivin分子的相应部分连结在一起，形成了一个被称为二聚物(dimer)的蛋白质对。研究人员推测这些survivin蛋白的二聚物可能在细胞分裂时维持关键的分子结构。如果这种蛋白质必须成双配对后才能发挥作用，那么用一种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">小分子</a>把它们分开也许能对付<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87">癌症</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">生物化学家Guy Salvesen说，掌握了survivin蛋白的结构“并没有澄清它是怎样防止细胞自杀的疑点”。但是他说，这些蛋白质配对的事实确实让人惊奇，“你几乎很难找到不重要的二聚作用区域”。他也同意两个蛋白质的接触面将是抗癌症药物集中对付的良好靶标。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="sub13245380_11_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="来源" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="11-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>来源</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的主要来源是肉、蛋、奶、和豆类食品，一般而言，来自于动物的蛋白质有较高的品质，含有充足的必需氨基酸。必需氨基酸约有8种，无法由人体自行合成，必须由食物中摄取，若是体内有一种必需氨基酸存量不足，就无法合成充分的蛋白质供给身体各组织使用，其他过剩的蛋白质也会被身体代谢而浪费掉，所以确保足够的必需氨基酸摄取是很重要的。植物性蛋白质通常会有1-2种必需氨基酸含量不足，所以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85">素食者</a>需要摄取多样化的食物，从各种组合中获得足够的必需氨基酸。一块像<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%91%E5%85%8B%E7%89%8C">扑克牌</a>大小的煮熟的肉约含有30-35公克的蛋白质，一大杯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6">牛奶</a>约有8-10公克，半杯的各式豆类约含有6-8公克。所以一天吃一块像扑克牌大小的肉，喝两大杯牛奶，一些豆子，加上少量来自于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C">蔬菜</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C">水果</a>和饭，就可得到大约60-70公克的蛋白质，足够一个体重60公斤的长跑选手所需。若是你的需求量比较大，可以多喝一杯<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6">牛奶</a>，或是酌量多吃些<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%89">肉</a>类，就可获得充分的蛋白质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="sub13245380_12" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="食用量" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>食用量</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质食物是人体重要的营养物质，保证优质蛋白质的补给是关系到身体健康的重要问题，怎样选用蛋白质才既<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E">经济</a>又能保证营养呢？</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">首先，要保证有足够数量和质量的蛋白质食物．根据营养学家研究，一个成年人每天通过新陈代谢大约要更新300g以上蛋白质，其中3/4来源于机体代谢中产生的氨基酸，这些氨基酸的再利用大大减少了需补给蛋白质的数量．一般地讲，一个成年人每天摄入60g～80g蛋白质，基本上已能满足需要．</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">其次，各种食物合理搭配是一种既经济实惠，又能有效提高蛋白质<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC">营养价值</a>的有效方法．每天食用的蛋白质最好有三分之一来自动物蛋白质，三分之二来源于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">植物蛋白</a>质．我国人民有食用混合食品的习惯，把几种营养价值较低的蛋白质混合食用，其中的氨基酸相互补充，可以显著提高营养价值．例如，谷类蛋白质含赖氨酸较少，而含蛋氨酸较多．豆类蛋白质含赖氨酸较多，而含蛋氨酸较少．这两类蛋白质混合食用时，必需氨基酸相互补充，接近人体需要，营养价值大为提高．</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第三，每餐食物都要有一定质和量的蛋白质．人体没有为蛋白质设立储存仓库，如果一次食用过量的蛋白质，势必造成浪费．相反如食物中蛋白质不足时，青少年发育不良，成年人会感到乏力，体重下降，抗病力减弱．</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第四，食用蛋白质要以足够的热量供应为前提．如果热量供应不足，肌体将消耗食物中的蛋白质来作<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90">能源</a>。每克蛋白质在体内氧化时提供的热量是18kJ，与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96">葡萄糖</a>相当。用蛋白质作能源是一种浪费，是大材小用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">摄入的蛋白质有可能会过量，保持健康所需的蛋白质含量因人而异。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">普通健康成年男性或女性每公斤（2.2 磅）体重大约需要0.8 克蛋白质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="sub13245380_13" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关研究" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>相关研究</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>延长寿命</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">据国外媒体11日报道，一项开创性研究可能成为老年人长寿和保持健康的关键。美国研究人员发现一种名为SIRT1的蛋白质。它不仅可以延长老鼠寿命，还能推迟和健康有关的发病年龄。另外，它还改善老鼠的总体健康，降低胆固醇水平，甚至预防糖尿病。研究人员表示，虽然这项研究是在老鼠身上进行的，但它有朝一日最终会应用到人类身上。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">由美国国家卫生研究院国家衰老研究所的拉斐尔-德卡布博士率领的科研组检测了激活SIRT1的小分子SIRT1720对老鼠健康和寿命产生的影响。德卡布表示：“我们首次验证了人造SIRT1活化剂不仅延长以标准食物为食的老鼠的寿命，还改善它们的健康跨度。这说明我们可能研发出减轻和年龄有关的新陈代谢疾病以及慢性疾负担的分子。”这些研究人��还发现，SRT1720使老鼠的平均寿命延长8.8%。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SRT1720补充剂还降低体重和体脂百分比，改善老鼠一生的肌肉功能和运动协调能力。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">科学家发现，SRT1720补充剂降低总胆固醇和有助于抵抗心脏病的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平，改善可能帮助预防糖尿病的胰岛素敏感性。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">SIRT1和它的姊妹蛋白质SIRT2在大量物种的新陈代谢中扮演着重要角色为科学家所知。它们还和DNA修复以及基因调节有关，可能帮助预防糖尿病、心脏病和癌症。老鼠在6个月大和其他生命阶段被提供这种补充剂和标准饮食。但专家警告，这项研究还处在一个非常早期的阶段，还没有对人进行相关试验。<sup class="sup--normal" data-sup="1">
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<a name="sub13245380_14" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="相关学科" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>相关学科</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1982 美国人S. B. Prusiner发现蛋白质因子Prion，更新了医学感染的概念，于1997年获诺贝尔生理医学奖。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">20世纪最惊人的发现之一就是许多蛋白质的活性状态和失活状态可以互相转化，在一个精确控制的溶液条件下（例如通过透析除去导致失活的化学物质），失活的蛋白质可以转变为活性形式。如何使蛋白质恢复到它们的活性状态使生物化学的一个主要研究领域，称为蛋白质折叠学。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的合成是通过细胞中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6">酶</a>的作用将<a target=_blank href="/item/DNA">DNA</a>中所隐藏的信息转录到mRNA中，再由tRNA按密码子-反密码子配对的原则，将相应<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>运到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93">核糖体</a>中，按照mRNA的编码按顺序排列成串，形成多肽链，再进行折叠和扭曲成蛋白质。蛋白质为生命的基础大分子。可视为生命体的砖块。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">通过基因工程，研究者可以改变序列并由此改变蛋白质的结构，靶物质，调控敏感性和其他属性。不同蛋白质的基因序列可以拼接到一起，产生两种蛋白属性的“荒诞”的蛋白质，这种熔补形式成为细胞<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6">生物学家</a>改变或探测细胞功能的一个主要工具。另外，蛋白质研究领域的另一个尝试是创造一种具有全新属性或功能的蛋白质，这个领域被称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B">蛋白质工程</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="sub13245380_15" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="食物含量" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>食物含量</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">含蛋白质多的食物包括：<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:220px; float: right;">
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		title="蛋白质" style="width:220px;height:146px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=ba4449ecad6eddc422e7b3f909dab6a2/b8014a90f603738d1dc76b2bb31bb051f819ec2e.jpg"  alt="蛋白质" style="width:220px;height:146px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
蛋白质
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</div>牲畜的奶，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6">牛奶</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BE%8A%E5%A5%B6">羊奶</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A5%B6">马奶</a>等；畜肉，如牛、羊、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8C%AA%E8%82%89">猪肉</a>等；禽肉，如鸡、鸭、鹅、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B9%8C%E9%B9%91">鹌鹑</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B8%B5%E9%B8%9F">鸵鸟</a>等；蛋类，如鸡蛋、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B8%AD%E8%9B%8B">鸭蛋</a>、鹌鹑蛋等及鱼、虾、蟹等；还有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86">大豆</a>类，包括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%84%E8%B1%86">黄豆</a>、大<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E8%B1%86">青豆</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%91%E8%B1%86">黑豆</a>等，其中以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%BB%84%E8%B1%86">黄豆</a>的营养价值最高，它是婴幼儿食品中优质的蛋白质来源；此外像<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB">芝麻</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%93%9C%E5%AD%90">瓜子</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E6%A1%83">核桃</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81">杏仁</a>���<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9D%BE%E5%AD%90">松子</a>等干果类的蛋白质的含量均较高。由于各种食物中氨基酸的含量、所含氨基酸的种类各异，且其他<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%B4%A0">营养素</a>(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA">脂肪</a>、糖、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8">矿物质</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0">维生素</a>等)含量也不相同，因此，给婴儿添加<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BE%85%E9%A3%9F">辅食</a>时，以上食品都是可供选择的，还可以根据当地的特产，因地制宜地为小儿提供蛋白质高的食物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质食品价格均较昂贵，家长可以利用几种廉价的食物混合在一起，提高蛋白质在身体里的利用率，例如，单纯食用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3">玉米</a>的生物价值为60%、小麦为67%、黄豆为64%，若把这三种食物，按比例混合后食用，则蛋白质的利用率可达77%。<div class="lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" style="width:171px; float: right;">
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			href="/pic/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120/0/297901305d90eaa0a8018e4b?fr=lemma&ct=single" target="_blank"
		title="蛋白质" style="width:171px;height:220px;">
<img  class="lazy-img" src="" data-src="https://gss0.bdstatic.com/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy/baike/s%3D220/sign=ba4049ecad6eddc422e7b3f909dab6a2/b8014a90f603738d1dc36b2bb31bb051f819ec2a.jpg"  alt="蛋白质" style="width:171px;height:220px;"/>
</a>
<span class="description">
蛋白质
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</div>生物体内普遍存在的一种主要由氨基酸组成的生物大分子。它与核酸 同为生物体最基本的物质，担负着生命活动过程的各种极其重要的功能。蛋白质的基本结构单元是氨基酸，在蛋白质中出现的氨基酸共有20种。氨基酸以肽键相互连接，形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE">肽链</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">简史1820年H.布拉孔诺发现<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%98%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">甘氨酸</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">亮氨酸</a>，这是最初被鉴定为蛋白质成分的氨基酸，以后又陆续发现了其他的氨基酸。到19世纪末已经搞清蛋白质主要是由一类相当简单的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">有机分子</a>——氨基酸所组成。1902年E.菲舍尔和F.霍夫迈斯特各自独立地阐明了在蛋白质分子中将氨基酸连接在一起��<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE">化学键</a>是肽键；1907年E.菲舍尔又成功地用化学方法连接了18个氨基酸首次合成了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD">多肽</a>，从而建立了作为蛋白质化学结构基础的多肽理论。对蛋白质精确的三维结构知识主要来自对蛋白质晶体的<a target=_blank href="/item/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90">X射线衍射分析</a>，1960 年J.C.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81">肯德鲁</a>首次应用X射线衍射分析技术测定了肌红蛋白的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">晶体结构</a>，这是第一个被阐明了三维结构的蛋白质。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6">中国科学</a>工作者在1965年用化学合成法<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90">全合成</a>了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6%E7%89%9B%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0">结晶牛胰岛素</a>，首次实现了蛋白质的人工合成；在1969～1973年期间，先后在2.5埃和1.8埃分辨率水平测定了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8C%AA%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0">猪胰岛素</a>的晶体结构，这是中国阐明的第一个蛋白质的三维结构。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="活性" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>活性</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质分子在受到外界的一些物理和化学因素的影响后，分子的肽链虽不裂解，但其天然的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">立体结构</a>遭致改变和破坏，从而导致蛋白质生物活性的丧失和其他的物理、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8">化学性质</a>的变化，这一现象称为蛋白质的变性。早在1931年中国生物化学家吴宪就首次提出了正确的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">变性作用</a>理论。引起蛋白质变性的主要因素有：①温度。②酸碱度。③有机溶剂。④脲和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8%E8%83%8D">盐酸胍</a>。这是应用最广泛的蛋白质变性试剂。⑤<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%BB%E5%9E%A2%E5%89%82">去垢剂</a>和芳香环化合物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的变性常伴随有下列现象：①生物活性的丧失。这是蛋白质变性的最主要特征。②化学性质的改变。③物理性质的改变。在变性因素去除以后，变性的蛋白质分子又可重新回复到变性前的天然的构象，这一现象称为蛋白质的复性。蛋白质的复性有完全复性、基本复性或部分复性。只有少数蛋白质在严重变性以后，能够完全复性。蛋白质变性和复性的研究，对了解体内体外的蛋白质分子的折叠过程十分重要。主要通过蛋白质的变性和复性的研究，肯定了蛋白质折叠的自发性，证实了蛋白质分子的特征三维结构仅仅决定于它的氨基酸序列。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">活性蛋白质</a>分子在生物体内刚合成时，常常不呈现活性，即不具有这一蛋白质的特定的生物功能。要使蛋白质呈现其生物活性，一个非常普遍的现象是，蛋白质分子的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE">肽链</a>在一些<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B">生化过程</a>中必须按特定的方式断裂。蛋白质的激活是生物的一种调控方式，这类现象在各种重要的��命活动中广泛存在。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">很多蛋白质由亚���组成，这<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B1%BB%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">类蛋白质</a>在完成其生物功能时，在效率和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6">反应速度</a>的调节方面，很大程度上依赖于亚基之间的相互关系。亚基参与蛋白质功能的调节是一个相当普遍的现象，特别在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82%E9%85%B6">调节酶</a>的催化功能方面。有些酶存在和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D">活性部位</a>不重叠的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%AB%E6%9E%84%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D">别构部位</a>，别构部位和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%AB%E6%9E%84%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%93">别构配体</a>相结合后，引起酶分子<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">立体结构</a>的变化，从而导致活性部位立体结构的改变，这种改变可能增进，也可能<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%92%9D%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6">钝化酶</a>的催化能力。这样的酶称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%AB%E6%9E%84%E9%85%B6">别构酶</a>。已知的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%AB%E6%9E%84%E9%85%B6">别构酶</a>在结构上都有两个或两个以上的亚基。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="功能" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="15-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>功能</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93">生物体</a>中有多种功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">催化功能 有催化功能的蛋白质称酶，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93">生物体</a>新陈代谢的全部<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">化学反应</a>都是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96">酶催化</a>来完成的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">运动功能从最低等的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C">细菌</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8">鞭毛运动</a>到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9">高等动物</a>的肌肉收缩都是通过蛋白质实现的。肌肉的松弛与收缩主要是由以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">肌球蛋白</a>为主要成分的粗丝以及以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">肌动蛋白</a>为主要成分的细丝相互滑动来完成的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">运输功能在生命活动过程中，许多小分子及离子的运输是由各种专一的蛋白质来完成的。例如在血液中<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%86%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">血浆白蛋白</a>运送小分子、红细胞中的血红蛋白运送<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94">氧气</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3">二氧化碳</a>等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">机械支持和保护功能高等动物的具有机械支持功能的组织如骨、结缔组织以及具有覆盖保护功能的毛发、皮肤、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8C%87%E7%94%B2">指甲</a>等组织主要是由胶原、角蛋白、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">弹性蛋白</a>等组成。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">免疫和防御功能生物体为了维持自身的生存，拥有多种类型的防御手段，其中不少是靠蛋白质来执行的 。例如抗体即是一类高度专一的蛋白质，它能识别和结合侵入生物体的外来物质，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%82%E4%BD%93">异体</a>蛋白质、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92">病毒</a>和细菌等，取消其有害作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">调节功能在维持生物体正常的生命活动中，代谢机能的调节，生长发育和分化的控制，生殖机能的调节以及物种的延续等各种过程中，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD">多肽</a>和蛋白质激素起着极为重要的作用。此外，尚有接受和传递调节信息的蛋白质，如各种激素的受体蛋白等。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">发展 蛋白质作为生命活动中起重要作用的生物大分子，与一切揭开生命奥秘的重大研究课题都有密切的关系。蛋白质是人类和其他动物的主要食物成分，高蛋白膳食是人民<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3">生活水平</a>提高的重要标志之一。许多纯的蛋白质制剂也是有效的药物，例如胰岛素、人<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%99%E7%A7%8D%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">丙种球蛋白</a>和一些<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82">酶制剂</a>等。在临床检验方面，测定有关酶的活力和某些蛋白质的变化可以作为一些疾病临床诊断的指标，例如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%B3%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%A5%E9%85%B6">乳酸脱氢酶同工酶</a>的鉴定可以用作心肌梗塞的指标，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B2%E8%83%8E%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">甲胎蛋白</a>的升高可以作为早期肝癌病变的指标等。在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7">工业生产</a>上，某些蛋白质是食品工业及轻工业的重要原料，如羊毛和蚕丝都是蛋白质，皮革是经过处理的胶原蛋白。在制革、制药、缫丝等<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%83%A8%E9%97%A8">工业部门</a>应用各种酶制剂后，可以提高生产效率和产品质量。蛋白质在农业、畜牧业、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96">水产养殖</a>业方面的重要性，也是显而易见的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质可作为一种试剂用于筛选能够促进或抑制本发明蛋白质活性的化合物或其盐。进而，这种化合物或其盐以及抑制本发明蛋白质活性的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93">中和抗体</a>可用作治疗或预防支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85">肺部疾病</a>等的药物。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质在细胞和生物体的生命活动过程中，起着十分重要的作用。生物的结构和形状都与蛋白质有关。蛋白质还参与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE">基因表达</a>的调节，以及细胞中氧化还原、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92">电子传递</a>、神经传递乃至学习和记忆等多种生命活动过程。在细胞和生物体内各种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6">生物化学</a>反应中起<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">催化作用</a>的酶主要也是蛋白质。许多重要的激素，如胰岛素和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0">胸腺激素</a>等也都是蛋白质。此外，多种蛋白质，如植物种子（豆、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F">花生</a>、小麦等）中的蛋白质和动物蛋白、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%B6%E9%85%AA">奶酪</a>等都是供生物<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF">营养生长</a>之用的蛋白质。有些蛋白质如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%87%E6%AF%92">蛇毒</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9C%82%E6%AF%92">蜂毒</a>等是动物攻防的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8">武器</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质占人体的20 %,占身体比例最大。胆汁，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BF%E6%B6%B2">尿液</a>除外，都是蛋白质合成的。只有蛋白质充足，才能代谢正常。就像盖房子，构建身体的原材料最主要的是蛋白质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1.蛋白质是构建新组织的基础材料，是酶，激素合成的原料，；维持钾钠平衡；消除水肿。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.是合成抗体的成分：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">白细胞</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/T%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">T淋巴细胞</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E7%B4%A0">干扰素</a>等，提高<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%8A%9B">免疫力</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.提供一部分<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F">能量</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.调<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%8E%E8%A1%80%E5%8E%8B">低血压</a>，缓冲贫血，是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">红细胞</a>的载体。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.形成人体的胶原蛋白。眼球<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E4%BD%93">玻璃体</a>，视紫质都有胶原蛋白。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">7.大脑<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82">细胞分裂</a>的动力源是蛋白质；脑脊液是蛋白质合成的；<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D">记忆力下降</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">8.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D">性功能障碍</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">9.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F">肝脏</a>：造血功能；合成激素，酶；解毒。缺乏蛋白质，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">肝细胞</a>不健康。有一副好肝脏，人健康就有保障。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">10.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F">心脏</a>---泵器官。缺乏蛋白质会出现手脚冰凉；缺氧；心肌缺氧造成心力衰竭----死亡。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">11.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%BE">脾</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83">胃</a>：每天都要消化食物，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6">消化酶</a>是蛋白质合成的。缺乏会造成胃动力不够，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF">消化不良</a>，打嗝。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E6%BA%83%E7%96%A1">胃溃疡</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%83%E7%82%8E">胃炎</a>；胃酸过多，刺激溃疡面你会感觉到疼，蛋白质唯一具有修复再造细胞的功能。消化壁上有韧带，缺乏蛋白质会松弛，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E8%84%8F%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%82">内脏下垂</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%82">子宫下垂</a>脏器移位。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">12.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9B%9B%E8%82%A2">四肢</a>：人老先老腿，缺乏蛋白质<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9">肌肉萎缩</a>；骨头的韧性减低，易<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AA%A8%E6%8A%98">骨折</a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">13.抗体会减少，易<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92">感冒</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E7%83%A7">发烧</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="16" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_16" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="主要研究" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>主要研究</h2>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="16_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_16_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="历史" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="16-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>历史</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在18世纪，安东尼奥·弗朗索瓦（Antoine Fourcroy）和其他一些研究者发现蛋白质是一类独特的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">生物分子</a>，他们发现用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B8">酸</a>处理一些<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">分子</a>能够使其凝结或絮凝。当时他们注意到的例子有来自<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E6%B8%85">蛋清</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2">血液</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B8%85%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD">血清白蛋白</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0">纤维素</a>和小麦面筋里的蛋白质。荷兰化学家格利特·马尔德（Gerhardus Johannes Mulder）对一般的蛋白质进行<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90">元素分析</a>发现几乎所有的蛋白质都有相同的实验公式。用“蛋白质”这一名词来描述这类分子是由Mulder的合作者永斯·贝采利乌斯于1838年提出。Mulder随后鉴定出蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9">降解产物</a>，并发现其中含有为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">亮氨酸</a>，并且得到它（非常接近正确值）的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F">分子量</a>为131Da。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">对于早期的生物化学家来说，研究蛋白质的困难在于难以纯化大量的蛋白质以用于研究。因此，早期的研究工作集中于能够容易地纯化的蛋白质，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2">血液</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E6%B8%85">蛋清</a>、各种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0">毒素</a>中的蛋白质以及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96">消化</a>性和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2">代谢</a><a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6">酶</a>（获取自<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B1%A0%E5%AE%B0%E5%9C%BA">屠宰场</a>）。1950年代后期，Armour Hot Dog Co.公司纯化了一公斤纯的牛<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B0%E8%85%BA">胰腺</a>中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6">核糖核酸酶</a>A，并免费提供给全世界科学家使用。科学家可以从生物公司购买越来越多的各类纯蛋白质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">著名化学家莱纳斯·鲍林成功地预测了基于氢键的规则<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">蛋白质二级结构</a>，而这一构想最早是由威廉·<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C">阿斯特伯里</a>于1933年提出。随后，Walter Kauzman在总结自己对变性的研究成果和之前Kaj Linderstrom-Lang的研究工作的基础上，提出了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0">蛋白质折叠</a>是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">疏水相互作用</a>所介导的。1949年，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC">弗雷德里克·桑格</a>首次正确地测定了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0">胰岛素</a>的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>序列，并验证了蛋白质是由氨基酸所形成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7">线性</a>（不具有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E5%8F%89">分叉</a>或其他形式）<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93">多聚体</a>。原子分辨率的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">蛋白质结构</a>首先在1960年代通过<a target=_blank href="/item/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6">X射线晶体学</a>获得解析；到了1980年代，NMR也被应用于蛋白质结构的解析，冷冻电子显微学被广泛用于对于超大分子复合体的结构进行解析。截至到2008年2月，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93">蛋白质数据库</a>中已存有接近50,000个原子分辨率的蛋白质及其相关复合物的三维结构的坐标。[4]</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="16_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_16_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="研究方法" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="16-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>研究方法</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是被研究得最多的一类生物分子，对它们的研究包括“体内”（<a target=_blank href="/item/in%20vivo">in vivo</a>）和“体外”（<a target=_blank href="/item/in%20vitro">in vitro</a>）。体外研究多应用于纯化后的蛋白质，将它们置于可控制的环境中，以期获得它们的功能信息；例如，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%85%B6%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6">酶动力学</a>相关的研究可以揭示酶<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94">催化反应</a>的化学机制和与不同<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%A9">底物</a>分子之间的相对亲和力。而体内研究实验着重于蛋白质在细胞或者整个组织中的活性作用，从而可以了解蛋白质发挥功能的场所和相应的调节机制。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="16_3" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_16_3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="抗癌作用" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="16-3" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>抗癌作用</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">当癌细胞快速增生时，需要一种名为survivin的蛋白质的帮助。这种蛋白质由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0Survivin">凋亡抑制基因Survivin</a>编码合成在癌细胞中含量很丰富，但在正常细胞中却几乎不存在。癌细胞与survivin蛋白的这种依赖性使得survivin自然成为制造新抗癌药物的靶标，但是在怎样对付survivin蛋白这个问题上却仍有一些未解之谜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">Survivin蛋白属于一类防止细胞自我破坏(即凋亡)的蛋白质。这类蛋白质主要通过抑制凋亡酶(caspases)的作用来阻碍其把细胞送上自杀的道路。以前一直没有科学家观察到survivin蛋白与凋亡酶之间的相互作用。也有其它迹象表明survivin蛋白扮演着另一个不同的角色——在细胞分裂后帮助把细胞拉开。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">生物化学家GuySalvesen掌握了survivin蛋白的结构“并没有澄清它是怎样防止细胞自杀的疑点”。这些蛋白质配���的事实确实让人惊奇，几乎很难找到不重要的二聚作用区域。两个蛋白质的接触面将是抗癌症药物集中对付的良好靶标。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="16_4" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_16_4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="组学" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="16-4" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>组学</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">在1996年前提到<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6">蛋白质组学</a>（Proteomics），恐怕知之者甚少，而在略知一二者中，部分人还抱有怀疑态度。但是，2001年的Science杂志已把蛋白质组学列为六大研究<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%83%AD%E7%82%B9">热点</a>之一，其“热度”仅次于干细胞研究，名列第二。蛋白质组学的受关注程度如今已令人刮目相看。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1．蛋白质组学研究的研究意义和背景</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">随着<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92">人类基因组计划</a>的实施和推进，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6">生命科学</a>研究已进入了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%8E%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3">后基因组时代</a>。在这个时代，生命科学的主要研究对象是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6">功能基因组学</a>，包括<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0">结构基因</a>组研究和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6">蛋白质组研究</a>等。尽管已有多个物种的基因组被<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%8F">测序</a>，但在这些基因组中通常有一半以上基因的功能是未知的。功能基因组中所采用的策略，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%8A%AF%E7%89%87">基因芯片</a>、基因表达序列分析(Serial analysis of gene expression, SAGE)等，都是从细胞中mRNA的角度来考虑的，其前提是细胞中mRNA的水平反映了蛋白质表达的水平。但事实并不完全如此，从DNA mRNA 蛋白质，存在三个层次的调控，即<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7">转录水平调控</a>(Transcriptional control )，翻译水平调控(Translational control)，翻译后水平调控(Post-translational control )。从mRNA角度考虑，实际上仅包括了转录水平调控，并不能全面代表蛋白质表达水平。实验也证明，组织中<a target=_blank href="/item/mRNA%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6">mRNA丰度</a>与蛋白质丰度的相关性并不好，尤其对于低丰度蛋白质来说，相关性更差。更重要的是，蛋白质复杂的翻译后修饰、蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D">亚细胞定位</a>或迁移、蛋白质－蛋白质相互作用等则几乎无法从mRNA水平来判断。毋庸置疑，蛋白质是生理功能的执行者，是生命现象的直接体现者，对蛋白质结构和功能的研究将直接阐明生命在生理或病理条件下的变化机制。蛋白质本身的存在形式和活动规律，如翻译后修饰、蛋白质间相互作用以及蛋白质构象等问题，仍依赖于直接对蛋白质的研究来解决。虽然蛋白质的可变性和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7">多样性</a>等特殊性质导致了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">蛋白质研究技术</a>远远比核酸技术要复杂和困难得多，但正是这些特性参与和影响着整个��命过程。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．蛋白质组学研究的策略和范围</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质组学一经出现，就有两种研究策略。一种可称为“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AB%AD%E6%B3%BD%E6%B3%95">竭泽法</a>”，即采用高<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F">通量</a>的蛋白质组研究技术分析生物体内尽可能多乃至接近所有的蛋白质，这种观点从大规模、系统性的角度来看待蛋白质组学，也更符合蛋白质组学的本质。但是，由于蛋白质表达随<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%92%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4">空间和时间</a>不断变化，要分析生物体内所有的蛋白质是一个难以实现的目标。另一种策略可称为“功能法”，即研究不同时期细胞蛋白质组成的变化，如蛋白质在不同环境下的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE">差异表达</a>，以发现有差异的蛋白质种类为主要目标。这种观点更倾向于把蛋白质组学作为研究生命现象的手段和方法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">早期蛋白质组学的研究范围主要是指蛋白质的表达模式（Expression profile），随着<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91">学科</a>的发展，蛋白质组学的研究范围也在不断完善和扩充。蛋白质翻译后修饰研究已成为蛋白质组研究中的重要部分和巨大挑战。蛋白质-蛋白质<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8">相互作用</a>的研究也已被纳入蛋白质组学的研究范畴。而蛋白质高级结构的解析即传统的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6">结构生物学</a>，虽也有人试图将其纳入蛋白质组学研究范围，但仍独树一帜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．蛋白质组学研究技术</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">可以说，蛋白质组学的发展既是技术所推动的也是受技术限制的。蛋白质组学研究成功与否，很大程度上取决于其技术方法水平的高低。蛋白质研究技术远比<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">基因技术</a>复杂和困难。不仅氨基酸残基种类远多于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8">核苷酸</a>残基（20/ 4）， 而且蛋白质有着复杂的翻译后修饰，如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8">磷酸</a>化和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96">糖基化</a>等，给分离和分析蛋白质带来很多困难。此外，通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93">表达载体</a>进行蛋白质的体外扩增和纯化也并非易事，从而难以制备大量的蛋白质。蛋白质组学的兴起对技术有了新的需求和挑战。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84">蛋白质组</a>的研究实质上是在细胞水平上对蛋白质进行大规模的平行分离和分析，往往要同时处理成千上万种蛋白质。因此，发展高通量、高灵敏度、高<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E6%80%A7">准确性</a>的研究技术平台是相当一段时间内蛋白质组学研究中的主要任务。在国际蛋白质组研究技术平台的技术基础和发展趋势有以下几个方面：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.2 蛋白质组研究中的样品分离和分析</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">利用蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AD%89%E7%94%B5%E7%82%B9">等电点</a>和分子量通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%91%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%B3">双向凝胶电泳</a>的方法将各种蛋白质区分开来是一种很有效的手段。它在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84">蛋白质组</a>分离技术中起到了关键作用。如何提高双向凝胶电泳的分离容量、灵敏度和分辨率以及对蛋白质差异表达的准确检测是双向凝胶<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF">电泳技术</a>发展的关键问题。国外的主要趋势有第一维电泳采用窄pH梯度胶分离以及开发与双向凝胶泳相结合的高灵敏度蛋白质染色技术，如新型的荧光染色技术。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1">质谱</a>技术是目前蛋白质组研究中发展最快，也最具活力和潜力的技术。它通过测定蛋白质的质量来判别蛋白质的种类。当前蛋白质组研究的核心技术就是双向凝胶电泳－质谱技术，即通过双向凝胶电泳将<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB">蛋白质分离</a>，然后利用质谱对蛋白质逐一进行鉴定。对于蛋白质鉴定而言，高通量、高灵敏度和高精度是三个关键指标。一般的质谱技术难以将三者合一，而发展的质谱技术可以同时达到以上三个要求，从而实现对蛋白质准确和大规模的鉴定。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的含氮量比较恒定，平均约为16%。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="16_5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_16_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="与身高的关系" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="16-5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>与身高的关系</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">据报道，第二次世界大战期间，日本动物性食品供应不足，每人每年只平均供应2千克肉，12.5千克奶和奶制品，2.5千克蛋。当时12岁学生平均身高只有137.8厘米。战后，日本经济发展迅速，人民生活改善，动物性食品增多，每人每年食用肉达13千克，奶及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A5%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%93%81">奶制品</a>25千克，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%B1%BB">蛋类</a>15千克。1970年调查，12岁<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4">少年</a>(少年食品)的身高已达147.1厘米，平均增高9.3厘米。从这个例子可以看出<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8">蛋白质</a>(蛋白质食品)食物对少年<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5">儿童</a>(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81">儿童食品</a>)<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A2%9E%E9%AB%98">增高</a>所起的作用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质是构成一切生命的主要化合物,是生命的物质基础和第一要素,在营养素中占首要地位。少年儿童及婴幼儿增高离不开蛋白质。人体的骨骼等组织是由蛋白质组成的。在体内<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2">新陈代谢</a>的全部化学反应过程中,离不开酶的催化作用,而所有的酶均由蛋白质构成。对青少年增高起作用的各种激素,也都是蛋白质及其衍生物。此外,参与骨细胞分化、骨的形成、骨的再建和更新等过程的骨矿化结合素、骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶、人骨特异生长因子等物质,也均为蛋白质所构成。所以,蛋白质是人体生长发育中最重要的化合物 ,是增高的重要原料。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A9%B4%E5%B9%BC%E5%84%BF">婴幼儿</a>(<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A9%B4%E5%B9%BC%E5%84%BF%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81">婴幼儿食品</a>)、少年儿童生长发育所必需的脂溶性<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0">维生素</a>(维生素食品)、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%81">铁</a>(铁食品)、钙、磷等无机盐及部分<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BE%AE%E9%87%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0">微量元素</a>(微量元素食品)，在蛋白质食物中也同时可以获得。所以，有些儿童少年只喜欢吃<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F">素食</a>(素食食品)，怕吃鸡、鱼、肉、蛋等<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%8D%A4%E8%8F%9C">荤菜</a>，或是在家长的催督下才勉强吃一点，这种做法是不可取的，必然会导致因蛋白质缺乏而影响身高。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">正确的膳食原则是食物要多样，粗细要搭配，坚持以粮、豆、菜为主,适当增加肉、鱼、蛋、奶的量，以补充身体发育的充足营养，保证身高增加的原料，促进个子长高。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="17" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_17" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="补充须知" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>补充须知</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的蛋白质食物来源可分为植物性蛋白质和动物性蛋白质两大类。植物蛋白质中，谷类含蛋白质10%左右，蛋白质含量不算高，但由于是人们的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A3%9F">主食</a>，所以仍然是膳食蛋白质的主要来源。豆类含有丰富的蛋白质，特别是大豆含蛋白质高达36%~40%，氨基酸组成也比较合理，在体内的利用率较高，是植物蛋白质中非常好的蛋白质来源。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋类含蛋白质11%~14%，是优质蛋白质的重要来源。奶类（牛奶）一般含蛋白质3.0%~3.5%，是婴幼儿蛋白质的最佳来源。蛋白质由氨基酸构成，在人体必需的22种氨基酸中，有9种<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8">氨基酸</a>(氨基酸食品)是人体不能合成或合成量不足的，必须通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F">饮食</a>才能获得。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肉类包括禽、畜和鱼的肌肉。新鲜肌肉含蛋白质15%~22%，肌肉蛋白质营养价值优于植物蛋白质，是人体蛋白质的重要来源。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的主要来源，分为动物性蛋白质、植物性蛋白质。一般来说，动物蛋白质的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB">营养</a>价值比植物蛋白质高。以每500克所含的蛋白质计算，含蛋白质丰富的食品有：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①肉食类：猪肉84.5克，牛肉100.5���，猪<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D">肝</a>100.5克；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②蛋类：鸡蛋63.5克，鸭蛋63克；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">③鱼虾类：鲤鱼88克，草<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%B1%BC">鱼</a>83克，海虾80克；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">④米面类：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6">小麦</a>粉60.5克，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%A6">大麦</a>50克，玉米42.5克；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑤<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%B1%86%E7%B1%BB">豆类</a>：绿豆11克，赤小豆108.5克，黑豆249克；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">⑥蔬莱类：黄花菜70克，海带41克。大豆蛋白质的营养较好，与动物蛋白都是优质蛋白质。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="17_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_17_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="计算需要量" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="17-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>计算需要量</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋白质的需要量，因健康状态、年龄、体重等各种因素也会有所不同。身材越高大或年龄越小的人，需要的蛋白质越多。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">以下数字是不同年龄的人所需蛋白质的指数：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">年龄1—3 4—6 7—10 11—14 15 —18 19以上</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">指数1.80 1.49 1.21 0.990.880.79</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">其计算方法为：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">先找出自己的年龄段指数；再用此指数乘以自己体重（公斤）；所得的答案就是您一天所需要的蛋白质克数。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">例如：体重50公斤，年龄33岁，其指数是0.79。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">0.79×50=39.5克。这就是一天所需要的蛋白质的量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">平均一天之中蛋白质的需要量最少约是45克，也就是一餐大约15克。注意，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A9%E9%A4%90">早餐</a>必须摄取充分的蛋白质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">适用于所有需要补充蛋白质的人群。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AD%95%E5%A6%87">孕妇</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E6%9C%9F">哺乳期</a>妇女、工作压力大的都市白领、经常熬夜工作、年长的父母、生长发育期的少年儿童、手术康复者、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%8E%8B">高血压</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>分娩后补充</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">对于分娩后蛋白质的摄入要注意三点：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第一，蛋白质的摄入量要足够，因为新妈妈哺乳需要摄入充足的蛋白质</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第二，蛋白质应该是优质的，一般来说，鱼虾类蛋白质比肉类要好，肉类白肉比<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A2%E8%82%89">红肉</a>好。尽量不要吃可能有激素人工喂养动物的肉类，而应吃天然的食品</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">第三，蛋白质摄入要均衡，不要只选择一种食物吃。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">产后营养方面应该遵循的这样几条原则：每天营养摄入足够热量；荤素搭配好；各类鱼、肉、蛋、禽蛋白质要均衡；为了增加<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B9%B3%E6%B1%81">乳汁</a>量，可适量增加汤类（鱼汤、肉汤）的摄入。少数<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%B3%E6%B1%81">人乳汁</a>量不够，下奶比较慢，为了有助于下奶，可喝一些加有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF">中药</a>成分的汤类。这有助于母亲身体的恢复调理（子宫收缩、恶露排出），下奶通畅，并可补充营养。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>健身人群补充</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">健身锻炼期间，人体对蛋白质的需求比其他阶段要旺盛得多。粮食类蛋白质含有的赖氨酸较少，如果将其与大豆、肉食、蛋类等含有较多赖氨酸的食物搭配食用，就会相互提高几者间的营养价值。再比如，大豆中含有的蛋氨酸很低，而玉米中蛋氨酸却很高，如果两者之间组合一下，就会产生互补，提高营养价值。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">通过上面的实例，在健身锻炼期间调整我们以往的饮食结构，实现食物多样化，粗粮细粮均衡搭配，动物蛋白合理分配到每一餐，适量摄取豆制品，可以很好地提高我们每一餐的营养价值。在这一情况下进行健身锻炼，最终表现出来的结果是健身效果明显提高。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="18" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub13245380_18" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="网络语言应用" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">蛋白质</span>网络语言应用</h2>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1,在网络语言中，蛋白质代表着笨蛋、白痴、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%B4%A8">神经质</a>的意思</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">蛋：笨蛋</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">白：白痴</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">质 ：神经质/弱智</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2,“蛋白质”女孩就是单身的白领物质女孩，她们在大都市人数众多，吸引着眼球。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">有人这样形容“蛋白质”女孩的生活：白日天使，夜晚魔鬼。你能有多少种想象，她们就能给你多少种可能。她们挤公共汽车、不断的读书、努力工作、锻炼身体；她们扇男人耳光子、适当逞强、适度撒骄、不刻薄自己，她们泡网、泡吧、泡书、泡音乐、泡男人……</div>
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<span class="index">1.</span>
<a class="gotop anchor"  name="refIndex_1_13245380" id="refIndex_1_13245380" title="向上跳转" href="#ref_[1]_13245380">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
<a rel="nofollow" href="/redirect/b17fg3ywQsBC2QySRGykQ5mcEqrbyZWI7bhg7N7bf0BdgwiqyugajqhCitpZOMUBCZC4p0-mL-tlyrgtdXW-vkIK0bimGoVyJXpSy5tJI3GarKQ" target="_blank" class="text">科学家发现新蛋白质有望延长人类寿命<span class="linkout">&nbsp;</span></a>
<span class="site">．新浪</span><span>&#91;引用日期2014-03-12&#93;</span></li></ul>
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<li class="professional-clearfix">
<a
                                                                href="/science/medicalcenter?lemmaId=309120&name=%E5%86%AF%E6%B6%9B&fromModule=professional"
                                                                target="_blank">
<div class="pro-line"></div>
<div class="pro-content">
<div class="pro-content-title professional-clearfix">
<h4>冯涛</h4>
<span>教授</span></div>
<p title="中国食品科学技术学会">中国食品科学技术学会</p>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</div>
</div>
<div class="professional-sidebar">
<div class="professional-sidebar-title"><i></i><span>以上专家来自</span></div>
<p>
中国食品科学技术学会科普中国百科科学词条评审专家委员会
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tashuo-right" id="tashuo_right">
<div class="tashuo-right-content-essence">
<div class="J-items">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike">
<div class="promotion_title">V百科<a href="/vbaike#gallary" target="_blank">往期回顾</a></div>
<div class="promotion_viewport">
<dl>
</dl>
<div class="promotion_viewport_pager"></div>
</div>
</div><div class="lemmaWgt-promotion-rightPreciseAd" data-lemmaId="309120" data-lemmaTitle="蛋白质"></div><div class="lemmaWgt-sideRecommend">
<a name="zhixinWrap" class="qnAnchor"></a>
<div class="zhixin-box" id="zhixinWrap" data-source="" data-newLemmaId="309120">
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<form id="zhixinErrorForm" class="hidden" action="https://sp2.baidu.com/-uV1bjeh1BF3odCf/index.php/feedback/zx/baikeJC" target="zhixinSubErr" method="post">
<input class="js-url" name="fb_html_url" type="hidden" />
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</form>
<iframe id="zhixinSubErr" name="zhixinSubErr" style="display:none" frameborder="0"></iframe>
</div>
<div class="lemmaWgt-promotion-slide">
<div class="promotion_viewport">
<dl>
</dl>
<div class="promotion_viewport_pager"></div>
</div>
</div><div class="lemmaWgt-promotion-rightBigAd">
</div><div id="side-auth">
<div id="authEdit" class="side-box">
<dl>
<dt class="sidetitle">权威合作编辑</dt>
<dd class="side-auth-content">
<div class="side-auth-img">
<a href="http://www.cast.org.cn/" target="_blank" class="nslog:7075" id="authOrgRightEditPic">
<img style="display: none" onload="this.style.width = '50px';this.style.display='';" src="https://baike.baidu.com/cms/rc/QQ%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%8720141121003618.jpg" alt="权威编辑" title="权威编辑"/>
</a>
</div>
<div class="side-auth-info">
<p class="auth-info-name">
<a href="http://www.cast.org.cn/" nslog-type="7075" target="_blank" id="authOrgRightEdit">“科普中国”百科科学词条编写与应用工作项目</a>
</p>
<span id="authDetail">
“科普中国”是为我国科普信息化建设塑造的全...
</span>
</div>
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<span style="">
<a class="whatIs" align="absmiddle" href="javascript:void(0);"></a><a href=" http://baike.bdimg.com/cms/static/cooperation/content.pdf" target="_blank" nslog-type="36" class="link-toggle" id="whatIsAuthEdit">什么是权威编辑</a>
</span>
<span class="divisionLine"></span>
<a href="/history/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/73554717" class="nslog:37" target="_blank" id="authEditVersion">查看编辑版本</a>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="authResource" class="side-box">
<dl>
<dt class="sidetitle">资源提供</dt>
<dd class="side-auth-content">
<div class="side-auth-img">
<a href="http://www.cifst.org.cn" target="_blank" nslog-type="7094">
<img style="display: none" onload="this.style.width = '50px';this.style.display='';" src="https://baike.baidu.com/cms/rc/cifst-logo.jpg" alt="资源合作" title="资源合作"/>
</a>
</div>
<div class="side-auth-info">
<div class="auth-info-name">
<a href="http://www.cifst.org.cn" class="nslog:7094" target="_blank">中国食品科学技术学会</a>
</div>
<p>中国食品科学技术学会是...</p>
<p>提供资源类型：<span style="color: #555555;">内容</span></p>
</div>
</dd>
<dd class="authVersion">
<span>
<a class="whatIs" align="absmiddle" href="javascript:void(0);"></a>
<a href=" http://baike.bdimg.com/cms/static/cooperation/content.pdf" target="_blank" nslog-type="3024" class="link-toggle">什么是资源合作</a>
</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div><dl class="side-box lemma-statistics">
<dt class="title">词条统计</dt>
<dd class="description">
<ul>
<li>浏览次数：<span id="j-lemmaStatistics-pv"></span>次</li>
<li>编辑次数：262次<a href="/historylist/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8/309120" class="nslog:1021" target="_blank">历史版本</a></li>
<li>最近更新：<span class="j-modified-time" style="display:none">2018-06-06</span></li>
<li>创建者：<a class="show-userCard" data-uid="5219950" title="查看此用户资料" target="_blank" href="http://www.baidu.com/p/famorby" nslog-type="1022">famorby</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="side-catalog" style="visibility:hidden">
<div class="side-bar">
<em class="circle start"></em>
<em class="circle end"></em>
</div>
<div class="catalog-scroller">
<dl class="catalog-list">
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">基本含义</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">相关计算</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">原子数</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">分子质量</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#2_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">基因控制</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">组成及特点</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#3_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">整体结构</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#3_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">检测方法</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生理需要</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">代谢吸收</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">病症</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">过量</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">缺乏症</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">用处</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#8" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">性质</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">两性</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">水解反应</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">胶体性质</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">沉淀</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">变性</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">颜色反应</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">气味反应</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#8_8" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8.8</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">折叠</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#9" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生理功能</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">构造人的身体</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">结构物质</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">载体的运输</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">抗体的免疫</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">酶的催化</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.6</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">激素的调节</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">胶原蛋白</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_8" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.8</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">能源物质</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#10" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">10</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">发展历程</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#11" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">11</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">分类信息</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#11_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">11.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">需求情况分类</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#11_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">11.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">外形分类</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#11_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">11.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">结构种类</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#11_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">11.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">来源</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#12" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">12</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">食用量</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#13" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">13</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">相关研究</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#14" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">14</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">相关学科</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#15" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">15</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">食物含量</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#15_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">15.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">活性</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#15_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">15.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">功能</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#16" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">16</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">主要研究</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#16_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">16.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">历史</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#16_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">16.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">研究方法</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#16_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">16.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">抗癌作用</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#16_4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">16.4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">组学</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#16_5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">16.5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">与身高的关系</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#17" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">17</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">补充须知</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#17_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">17.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">计算需要量</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#17_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">17.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">分娩后补充</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#17_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">17.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">健身人群补充</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#18" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">18</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">网络语言应用</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
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require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/secondsKnow/secondsKnow')({"secondsKnow":[{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":71505,"mid":"mda-XkbnzKHv5Z824nu1","cover":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=a94e5749fad3572c66b7cf9cec2e551f\/d1160924ab18972b7798006aeecd7b899f510aeb.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=8ba72aa0e124b899de692a78083b2fad\/d1160924ab18972b7798006aeecd7b899f510aeb.jpg"},"coverSrc":"d1160924ab18972b7798006aeecd7b899f510aeb","title":"\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f","mediaId":"mda-XkbnzKHv5Z824nu1","secondId":71505},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":95948,"mid":"mda-Xy6KOML8EqV0UmyK","cover":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=049d47ce4934970a4726436ff3f7e7f0\/96dda144ad3459821ef96a7304f431adcaef84e4.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=30cc6b89c4bf6c81f7627fa8da03830d\/96dda144ad3459821ef96a7304f431adcaef84e4.jpg"},"coverSrc":"96dda144ad3459821ef96a7304f431adcaef84e4","title":"\u6c64\u53d8\u767d\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6","mediaId":"mda-Xy6KOML8EqV0UmyK","secondId":95948},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":104484,"mid":"mda-Xa87OML8EqV0UmyK","cover":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=3c449acf93504fc2a20ae34583e0d129\/472309f79052982261642f04dfca7bcb0b46d4a5.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=3db7803b74d98d1076815f7147028a36\/472309f79052982261642f04dfca7bcb0b46d4a5.jpg"},"coverSrc":"472309f79052982261642f04dfca7bcb0b46d4a5","title":"\u4f18\u8d28\u86cb\u767d\u600e\u4e48\u5403\u591f\u91cf\uff1f","mediaId":"mda-Xa87OML8EqV0UmyK","secondId":104484},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":464143,"mid":"mda-O9sOemeZEwxyMv5u","cover":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=0ebd256a2d3fb80e0c84329750ec1916\/3c6d55fbb2fb4316627653212ca4462309f7d37b.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=dff6109f3dadcbef01612d46ca921ce5\/3c6d55fbb2fb4316627653212ca4462309f7d37b.jpg"},"coverSrc":"3c6d55fbb2fb4316627653212ca4462309f7d37b","title":"\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u4f53\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u5de5\u5382","mediaId":"mda-O9sOemeZEwxyMv5u","secondId":464143},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":471580,"mid":"mda-O9n0ozKHv5Z824nu","cover":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=2815674a75310a55c4718db4d1787591\/838ba61ea8d3fd1f9e175f833c4e251f95ca5f69.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/7Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=7268199a7ff082022dc7c27f2dc6c9d5\/838ba61ea8d3fd1f9e175f833c4e251f95ca5f69.jpg"},"coverSrc":"838ba61ea8d3fd1f9e175f833c4e251f95ca5f69","title":"\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5438\u6536\u8fc7\u7a0b","mediaId":"mda-O9n0ozKHv5Z824nu","secondId":471580},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":471584,"mid":"mda-O9n0GXY16SVdPBHF","cover":"https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=77971db0ba003af34def8f205317f064\/b21c8701a18b87d6663b56a60b0828381f30fd0a.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=98bd1fa36c59252da3424e4452a63103\/b21c8701a18b87d6663b56a60b0828381f30fd0a.jpg"},"coverSrc":"b21c8701a18b87d6663b56a60b0828381f30fd0a","title":"\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u5143\u7d20","mediaId":"mda-O9n0GXY16SVdPBHF","secondId":471584},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":474270,"mid":"mda-O9nWOXY16SVdPBHF","cover":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=feb4499cd5f9d72a1731435db2171e0c\/f703738da977391257e3a8c2f4198618377ae248.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss0.bdstatic.com\/-4o3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=333263580646f21fc9610d1390195958\/f703738da977391257e3a8c2f4198618377ae248.jpg"},"coverSrc":"f703738da977391257e3a8c2f4198618377ae248","title":"\u76d8\u70b9\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u5341\u5927\u529f\u80fd","mediaId":"mda-O9nWOXY16SVdPBHF","secondId":474270},{"videoSrc":{"type":"baikePlayer","secondKind":"1","secondId":483847,"mid":"mda-O96MZU7ehu4iIlST","cover":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D685%2C390%2C0\/sign=047657bc9116fdfad83995aed2b2ba6c\/bf096b63f6246b60afaa1ee3e7f81a4c500fa285.jpg","cover_small":"https:\/\/gss3.bdstatic.com\/-Po3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D280%2C150%2C0\/sign=9548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309120, '蛋白质');
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/polysemantList/polysemantList')('蛋白质');
    }();
!function(){        var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
        var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

        // 展现策略
        rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data.divide) {
                    $('.top-tool .split-icon').css('display', 'block');
                }
            }
        });
    }();
!function(){    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/collect/collect"],function(collect){
		collect({
            newLemmaId:"309120",
			lemmaId:"15472",
			subLemmaId:"13245380"
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/topShare/topShare"],function(topShare){
        topShare({
            newLemmaId: '309120'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/basicElement/pinyin/lemmaPinyin')({
        lemmaTitle: '蛋白质',
        pinyin: 'dàn bái zhì'
    });

   var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
   nslog(10000105);

}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                // 编辑和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').css('display', 'inline-block');
                // 编辑和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .edit-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            } else {
                $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').show();
                // 锁定和申请本人实名验证保证同一行展示
                if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').length > 0) {
                  if ($('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').offset().left > $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .personal').offset().left) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle .lock-lemma').before('<br/><br/>');
                  }
                }
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){	require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/basicInfo/basicInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog');
    nslog(10002701);
    $('.lemmaWgt-lemmaCatalog a').on('click', function () {
           nslog(10002702);
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('309120', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/albumList/albumList","wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog"],function($,AlbumList,nslog){
		var list=new AlbumList({
			newLemmaId:"309120",
			lemmaTitle:"蛋白质",
			lemmaId:"15472",
			subLemmaId:"13245380",
			data:[{"coverpic":"1ad5ad6eddc451da6339d426bffd5266d1163234","width":"1425","height":"831","desc":"\u8bcd\u6761\u56fe\u7247","total":8,"coverurl":"https:\/\/gss2.bdstatic.com\/9fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/s%3D235\/sign=62f8f425b53eb13540c7b0b8931ca8cb\/1ad5ad6eddc451da6339d426bffd5266d1163234.jpg"}]
		});
		!!window.ScriptLazyLoad && window.ScriptLazyLoad.regist({
			dom:$('.album-list'),
			loadFunc:function(){
				list.load();
				nslog(1258);
			},
			distance:500
		});
	});
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
        init();
    });
}();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaRelation/lemmaInsert'], function(init) {
            init({ // 关系化统计需求--传参  shangwenbin
                lemmaId: "15472",
                newLemmaId: "309120",
                subLemmaId: "13245380",
                lemmaTitle: "蛋白质"
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){		require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReference","wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaReference/lemmaReferenceTip/lemmaReferenceTip"],function(Reference,ReferenceTip){
			new Reference({
				subLemmaId:"13245380"
			});
			new ReferenceTip({
				subLemmaId:"309120",
				lemmaTitle:"蛋白质",
				reference:[{"type":"1","title":"\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6709\u671b\u5ef6\u957f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bff\u547d","url":"\/redirect\/b17fg3ywQsBC2QySRGykQ5mcEqrbyZWI7bhg7N7bf0BdgwiqyugajqhCitpZOMUBCZC4p0-mL-tlyrgtdXW-vkIK0bimGoVyJXpSy5tJI3GarKQ","site":"\u65b0\u6d6a","publishDate":"","refDate":"2014-03-12","index":1}]
			});
		});
	}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    var $ = require("wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery");
    
    var slider = {
        init: function() {
            this.control = $("#professional_control");
            this.prev = this.control.find(".J-prev");
            this.next = this.control.find(".J-next");
            this.el = $("#professional_list");
            this.view = this.el.find(".J-slider");
            this.items = this.view.find("ul");
            this.itemWidth = this.items.eq(0).innerWidth();
            this.initStatus();
            this.bindEvents();
        },
        initStatus: function() {
            this.view.css({
                width: this.items.length*this.itemWidth+"px",
                position: "absolute"
            });
            this.setHeight(0);
            if ( this.items.length < 2 ) return;
            this.changeControllers(0);
        },
        bindEvents: function() {
            var self = this, index = 0;
            if ( this.items.length < 2 ) return;
            this.next.on("click", function() {
                if ( self.items.length-1 === index ) return;
                index++;
                self.setHeight(index);
                self.goAni(index);
                self.changeControllers(index);
            });
            this.prev.on("click", function() {
                if ( index == 0 ) return;
                index--;
                self.setHeight(index);
                self.goAni(index);
                self.changeControllers(index);
            });
        },
        setHeight: function(index) {
            this.el.height( this.items.eq(index).innerHeight() );
        },
        goAni: function(index) {
            this.view.animate({
                left: index === 0 ? 0 : "-"+this.itemWidth*index+"px"
            });
        },
        changeControllers: function(index) {
            var disabledClass = "pro-control-disable";
            this.prev.removeClass(disabledClass);
            this.next.removeClass(disabledClass);
            if ( index === 0 ) {
                this.prev.addClass(disabledClass);
            } else if ( index === this.items.length-1 ) {
                this.next.addClass(disabledClass);
            }
        }
    };
    slider.init();
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId: 309120,
            lemmaTitle: '蛋白质'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            309120,
            '蛋白质'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"6985b0e6f70ef5b9c541d09c"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "309120",
                lemmaTitle: "蛋白质",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%B5%B0%B0%D7%D6%CA",
                adManager: null
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '蛋白质',
                adManager: null
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){            require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/bottomAd/bottomAd'], function (init) {
                init({
                    sId: 'BOTTOM_PRO_AD',
                    adManager: null
                });
            });
        }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('蛋白质') + '/' + '309120';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=309120';

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次���8:00，因审核系统例行维护，您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过，望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务，推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”，官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改，其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容，请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起，您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起，该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起，消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>四级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>六级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误，请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('309120', '蛋白质', '生命的物质基础', '128827662', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main'});
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦～'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"15472",
            subLemmaId:"13245380",
            newLemmaId:"309120"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '蛋白质',
            desc: "\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u662f\u7ec4\u6210\u4eba\u4f53\u4e00\u5207\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5206\u3002\u673a\u4f53\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\uff0c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7ea6\u5360\u4eba\u4f53\u5168\u90e8\u8d28\u91cf\u768418%\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u5173\u3002\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff08protein\uff09\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u673a\u5927\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u6784\u6210\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6709\u673a\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u8005\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u662f\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u53ca\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u673a\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5360\u4eba\u4f53\u91cd\u91cf\u768416%~20%\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a60kg\u91cd\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u5176\u4f53\u5185\u7ea6\u6709\u86cb\u767d\u8d289.6~12kg\u3002\u4eba\u4f53\u5185\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u5404\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u662f\u753120\u591a\u79cd\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\uff08Amino acid\uff09\u6309\u4e0d\u540c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4f53\u5185\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u884c\u4ee3\u8c22\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\u3002",
            pic: 'https:\/\/gss2.bdstatic.com\/9fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=4a2110e24834970a47731729adc8d1c0\/1ad5ad6eddc451da6339d426bffd5266d1163234.jpg',
            url: '',
            qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss2.bdstatic.com\/9fo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D831%2C831%2C50\/sign=1021bad118dfa9ecfd7b055704edcf30\/1ad5ad6eddc451da6339d426bffd5266d1163234.jpg',
            newLemmaId: '309120',
            lemmaTitle: '蛋白质'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "15472",
            newLemmaId: "309120",
            subLemmaId: "13245380",
            lemmaTitle: "蛋白质"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv（小流量）
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求行为）
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = {"3":{"tagId":76602,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u519c\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u7c7b"},"1":{"tagId":68038,"tagName":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u4f1a"},"2":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5b66\u79d1"},"0":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u533b\u5b66\u672f\u8bed"}};
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 309120,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求成功）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
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